竹涛,种旭阳,王若男,薛泽宇,陈苗苗,叶泽甫,朱竹军
ZHU Tao,CHONG Xuyang,WANG Ruonan,XUE Zeyu,CHEN Miaomiao,YE Zefu,ZHU Zhujun

• 1:中国矿业大学(北京)大气环境管理与污染控制研究所
• 2:山西格盟中美清洁能源研发中心有限公司

摘要(Abstract)：

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中具有高重金属浸出毒性并含有二噁英类物质，为危险废物，对环境危害十分严重，因此飞灰在填埋处理前须进行稳定化处理。通过介绍飞灰中重金属浸出毒性以及二噁英的污染特性，针对二噁英和重金属的处理，系统阐述了飞灰处理技术研究进展。根据工艺原理处理技术分为3类：物化分离、高温处理、固化稳定处理。重点阐述高温处理工艺，其中等离子体熔融技术可有效降解二噁英，且重金属固化效果好，产物具有良好的抗浸出性、环境稳定性，在后续建材利用中展现出良好的性能，等离子体技术也被认为是飞灰处理的有效技术，具有较大发展潜力和工业化应用前景。总结了目前具有发展潜力的垃圾焚烧飞灰处置技术，分析各个工艺的处置原理、研究现状和工业化发展前景，最后对处理技术存在的问题提出了改进方向，展望了发展前景。
Municipal solid waste incineration(MSWI) fly ash has high leaching toxicity of heavy metal and contains dioxins, which is extremely harmful to the environment. It is designated as hazardous waste. Therefore, fly ash must be stabilized before landfill treatment. By introducing the leaching toxicity of heavy metals and the pollution characteristics of dioxins in fly ash, the research progress of the treatment technology of MSWI fly ash was systematically elaborated for the treatment of dioxins and heavy metals. According to the process principle, it is divided into three types of technologies: physical and chemical treatment, thermal treatment, and stabilization and solidification. The high-temperature treatment process was emphasized. Especially, the plasma melting technology can achieve high-efficiency degradation of dioxins, and the solidification effect of heavy metals is great. In addition, the product of the plasma melting technology has high leaching resistance and environmental stability, which makes it show a better performance in the subsequent use of building materials. Therefore, the plasma melting technology is considered as an effective technology for MSWI fly ash treatment with great development potential and industrial application prospects. The current treatment of MSIW fly ash with development potential was summarized, the disposal principle, research status and industrial prospects of each process were analyzed. Finally, the future improvements and development directions for existing problems were suggested.

关键词(KeyWords)： 垃圾焚烧;飞灰;重金属;二噁英;等离子体熔融技术
MSWI;fly ash;heavy metals;dioxins;plasma melting technology

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 山西省科技重大专项资助项目(201811002017)

作者(Author): 竹涛,种旭阳,王若男,薛泽宇,陈苗苗,叶泽甫,朱竹军
ZHU Tao,CHONG Xuyang,WANG Ruonan,XUE Zeyu,CHEN Miaomiao,YE Zefu,ZHU Zhujun

DOI: 10.13226/j.issn.1006-6772.21080202

参考文献(References)：

• [1]国家统计局．中国统计年鉴2019[M]．北京：中国统计出版社，2019．
• [2]ZHANG Y,MA Z,FANG Z,et al.Review of harmless treatment of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash[J].Waste Disposal&Sustainable Energy,2020,2(1):1-25．
• [3]XIONG Y,TAKAOKA M,KUSAKABE T,et al.Mass balance of heavy metals in a non-operational incinerator residue landfill site in Japan[J].Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management,2020,22(2):354-364．
• [4]SABBAS T,POLETTINI A,POMI R,et al.Management of municipal solid waste incineration residues[J].Waste Management,2003,23(1):61-88．
• [5]MA W,CHEN D,PAN M,et al.Performance of chemical chelating agent stabilization and cement solidification on heavy metals in MSWI fly ash:A comparative study[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2019,247:169-177．
• [6]宋言，张雪，刘梦瑾，等．垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的固化/稳定化处理研究[J]．广东化工，2019,46(14):24-25.SONG Yan,ZHANG Xue,LIU Mengjin,et al.Research on the stabilization of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash[J].Guangdong Chemical Industry,2019,46(14):24-25．
• [7]DOU X,REN F,NGUYEN M Q,et al.Review of MSWI bottom ash utilization from perspectives of collective characterization,treatment and existing application[J].Renewable&Sustainable Energy Reviews,2017,79:24-38．
• [8]JIAO F,ZHANG L,DONG Z,et al.Study on the species of heavy metals in MSW incineration fly ash and their leaching behavior[J].Fuel Processing Technology,2016,152:108-115．
• [9]KEULEN A,VAN ZOMEREN A,HARPE P,et al.High performance of treated and washed MSWI bottom ash granulates as natural aggregate replacement within earth-moist concrete[J].Waste Management,2016,49:83-95．
• [10]CETIN B,AYDILEK A H,LI L.Experimental and numerical analysis of metal leaching from fly ash-amended highway bases[J].Waste Management,2012,32(5):965-978．
• [11]SILVA R V,de BRITO J,LYNN C J,et al.Use of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ashes in alkali-activated materials,ceramics and granular applications:A review[J].Waste Management,2017,68:207-220．
• [12]LUO H,WU Y,ZHAO A,et al.Hydrothermally synthesized porous materials from municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash and their interfacial interactions with chloroaromatic compounds[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2017,162:411-419．
• [13]陈怀俊，牛芳，王乃继．垃圾焚烧处置中二噁英和重金属污染的控制技术[J]．洁净煤技术，2021,27(6):59-75.CHEN Huaijun,NIU Fang,WANG Naiji.Control technology of dioxins and heavy metal pollution in MSWl[J].Clean Coal Technology,2021,27(6):59-75．
• [14]MCKAY G.Dioxin characterisation,formation and minimisation during municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration:Review[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2002,86(3):343-368．
• [15]ZHAN X,WANG L,HU C,et al.Co-disposal of MSWI fly ash and electrolytic manganese residue based on geopolymeric system[J].Waste Management,2018,82:62-70．
• [16]ZHU F,TAKAOKA M,OSHITA K,et al.Chlorides behavior in raw fly ash washing experiments[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,178(1/3):547-552．
• [17]XU Y,ZHANG C,ZHAO M,et al.Comparison of bioleaching and electrokinetic remediation processes for removal of heavy metals from wastewater treatment sludge[J].Chemosphere,2017,168:1152-1157．
• [18]KOSAJAN V,WEN Z,ZHENG K,et al.Municipal solid waste(MSW) co-processing in cement kiln to relieve China′s MSWtreatment capacity pressure[J].Resources,Conservation and Recycling,2021,167:105384．
• [19]杨凤玲，李鹏飞，叶泽甫，等．城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰组成特性及重金属熔融固化处理技术研究进展[J]．洁净煤技术，2021,27(1):169-180.YANG Fengling,LI Pengfei,YE Zefu,et al.Study on composition characteristics of fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration and treatment technology of heavy metal melting and solidification[J].Clean Coal Technology,2021,27(1):169-180．
• [20]FERRARO A,FARINA I,RACE M,et al.Pre-treatments of MSWIfly-ashes:A comprehensive review to determine optimal conditions for their reuse and/or environmentally sustainable disposal[J].Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology,2019,18(3):453-471．
• [21]CHEN X,BI Y,ZHANG H,et al.Chlorides removal and control through water-washing process on MSWI fly ash[J].Procedia Environmental Sciences,2016,31:560-566．
• [22]JIANG Y,XI B,LI X,et al.Effect of water-extraction on characteristics of melting and solidification of fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerator[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,161(2/3):871-877．
• [23]周建国，张曙光，李萍，等．城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰水洗脱氯实验研究[J]．天津城建大学学报，2015,21(6):417-422.ZHOU Jianguo,ZHANG Shuguang,LI Ping,et al.Experimental study of removal of soluble chlorides by water-washing pretreatment of municipal solid wwaste incineration fly ash[J].Journal of Tianjin Chengjian University,2015,21(6):417-422．
• [24]凌永生，金宜英，聂永丰．焚烧飞灰水泥窑煅烧资源化水洗预处理实验研究[J]．环境保护科学，2012,38(4):1-5.LING Yongsheng,JIN Yiying,NIE Yongfeng.Experimental study on washing pretreatment process for calcinations of incinerator fly ash in cement kin for reuse[J].Environmental Protection Science,2012,38(4):1-5．
• [25]黄涛．城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰残留重金属电动去除强化技术研究[D]．重庆：重庆大学，2017．
• [26]YANG J,KWON M J,CHOI J,et al.The transport behavior of As,Cu,Pb,and Zn during electrokinetic remediation of a contaminated soil using electrolyte conditioning[J].Chemosphere,2014,117:79-86．
• [27]JENSEN P E,KIRKELUND G M,PEDERSEN K B,et al.Electrodialytic upgrading of three different municipal solid waste incineration residue types with focus on Cr,Pb,Zn,Mn,Mo,Sb,Se,V,Cl and SO4[J].Electrochimica Acta,2015,181:167-178．
• [28]TRAINA G,MORSELLI L,ADORNO G P.Electrokinetic remediation of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incinerator[J].Electrochimica Acta,2007,52(10):3380-3385．
• [29]LI D,HUANG T,LIU K.Near-anode focusing phenomenon caused by the coupling effect of early precipitation and backward electromigration in electrokinetic remediation of MSWI fly ashes[J].Environmental Technology,2015,37(2):216-227．
• [30]FERREIRA C D,JENSEN P,OTTOSEN L,et al.Preliminary treatment of MSW fly ash as a way of improving electrodialytic remediation[J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health,Part A,2008,43(8):837-843．
• [31]LI H,MUHAMMAD F,YAN Y,et al.Electrokinetic remediation of heavy metals from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash pretreated by nitric acid[J].Royal Society Open Science,2018,5(8):180372．
• [32]HUANG T,LI D,KEXIANG L,et al.Heavy metal removal from MSWI fly ash by electrokinetic remediation coupled with a permeable activated charcoal reactive barrier[J].Scientific Reports,2015,5(1):15412．
• [33]盛守祥，刘海生，王曼曼，等．机械化学法处置POPs废物的影响因素及发展趋势[J]．环境工程，2019,37(2):148-152.SHENG Shouxiang,LIU Haisheng,WANG Manman,et al.Analysis of the influence factors and development trend of mechaochemical disposal of POPs wastes[J].Environmental Engineering,2019,37(2):148-152．
• [34]CHEN Z,MAO Q,LU S,et al.Dioxins degradation and reformation during mechanochemical treatment[J].Chemosphere,2017,180:130-140．
• [35]CHEN Zhiliang,TAN Minghui,LU Shengyong,et al.Mechanochemical degradation of PCDD/Fs in fly ash within different milling systems[J].Chemosphere,2019,223:188-195．
• [36]陈志良．机械化学法降解垃圾焚烧飞灰中二噁英及协同稳定化重金属的机理研究[D]．杭州：浙江大学，2019．
• [37]LINDBERG D,MOLIN C,HUPA M.Thermal treatment of solid residues from WtE units:A review[J].Waste Management,2015,37:82-94．
• [38]李润东，于清航，李彦龙，等．烧结条件对焚烧飞灰烧结特性的影响研究[J]．安全与环境学报，2008(3):60-63.LI Rundong,YU Qinghang,LI Yanlong,et al.Effect of experimental condition on sintering characteristics of MSWl fly ashes[J].Journal of Safety and Environment,2008(3):60-63．
• [39]GAN M,WONG G,FAN X,et al.Enhancing the degradation of dioxins during the process of iron ore sintering co-disposing municipal solid waste incineration fly ash[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2021,291:125286．
• [40]LIU Y,ZHENG L,LI X,et al.SEM/EDS and XRD characterization of raw and washed MSWI fly ash sintered at different temperatures[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,162 (1):161-173．
• [41]KARAMANOV A,ALOISI M,PELINO M.Sintering behaviour of a glass obtained from MSWI ash[J].Journal of the European Ceramic Society,2005,25(9):1531-1540．
• [42]AMES M,ZEMBA S,GREEN L,et al.Polychlorinated dibenzo(p) dioxin and furan (PCDD/F) congener profiles in cement kiln emissions and impacts[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,419:37-43．
• [43]张冬冬，王朝雄，方明．水泥窑协同处置垃圾焚烧飞灰的技术途径[J]．水泥技术，2020(6):17-22.ZHANG Dongdong,WANG Chaoxiong,FANG Ming.Technology approach of cement kiln co-processing fly ash from waste incineration[J].Cement Technology,2020(6):17-22．
• [44]关健，田书磊，郭斌．焚烧飞灰熔融特性与熔渣利用技术研究进展[J]．河北工业科技，2013,30(6):466-471.GUAN Jian,TIAN Shulei,GUO Bin.Research progress of melting characteristics of MSWl fly ash and slag utilization[J].Hebei Journal of Industrial Science and Technology,2013,30 (6):466-471．
• [45]XU T,WANG L A,ZENG Y,et al.Characterization of typical heavy metals in pyrolysis MSWI fly ash[J].Environmental Technology,2019,40(26):3502-3511．
• [46]CHIANG K,HU Y.Water washing effects on metals emission reduction during municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ash melting process[J].Waste Management,2010,30 (5):831-838．
• [47]林丽．水洗预处理及添加剂对飞灰高温熔融的影响研究[D]．哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学，2020．
• [48]王学涛，金保升，仲兆平，等．添加剂对垃圾焚烧炉飞灰熔融特性的影响[J]．锅炉技术，2005(3):72-76.WANG Xuetao,JIN Baosheng,ZHONG Zhaoping,et al.Influence of additives on melting characteristics of fly ashes from municipal solid waste incinerator[J].Boiler Technology,2005(3):72-76．
• [49]CAO Y,LIU R,XU Y,et al.Effect of SiO2,Al2O3and CaOon characteristics of lightweight aggregates produced from MSWIbottom ash sludge (MSWI-BAS)[J].Construction and Building Materials,2019,205:368-376．
• [50]李润东，聂永丰，王雷，等．成分对垃圾飞灰熔融过程重金属迁移的影响[J]．清华大学学报（自然科学版），2004(9):1180-1183.LI Rundong,NIE Yongfeng,WANG Lei,et al.Heavy metal migration during vitrification of municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash[J].Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology),2004(9):1180-1183．
• [51]王雷，金宜英，李润东．CaO/SiO2对流化床焚烧飞灰熔融过程中重金属挥发的影响[J]．环境污染与防治，2009,31(8):16-19.WANG Lei,JIN Yiying,LI Rundong.Effect of CaO/SiO2on heavy metals volatilization during melting treatment of fluidized bed incinerator fly ash[J].Environmental Pollution&Control,2009,31(8):16-19．
• [52]文娟，刘清才，杨剑．垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融过程烟气中重金属的迁移分布规律[J]．环境科学学报，2010,30(1):148-152.WEN Juan,LIU Qingcai,YANG Jian.The migration and distribution of heavy metals in melting flue gas during the melting process of MSWl fly ash[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2010,30(1):148-152．
• [53]刘敬勇，孙水裕．焚烧飞灰高温过程中重金属的挥发及其氯转化特征[J]．环境科学，2012,33(9):3279-3287.LIU Jingyong,SUN Shuiyu.Chlorination transformation and volatilization of heavy metals in fly ash from the incineration during the disposal process with higher temperature[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(9):3279-3287．
• [54]MA W,FANG Y,CHEN D,et al.Volatilization and leaching behavior of heavy metals in MSW incineration fly ash in a DC arc plasma furnace[J].Fuel,2017,210:145-153．
• [55]YANG S,CHIU W,WANG T,et al.Porous materials produced from incineration ash using thermal plasma technology[J].Waste Management,2014,34(6):1079-1084．
• [56]WANG Q,YAN J,TU X,et al.Thermal treatment of municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash using DC double arc argon plasma[J].Fuel,2009,88(5):955-958．
• [57]WANG Q,YAN J,CHI Y,et al.Application of thermal plasma to vitrify fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerators[J].Chemosphere,2010,78(5):626-630．
• [58]ZHANG J,ZHANG S,LIU B.Degradation technologies and mechanisms of dioxins in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash:A review[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2020,250:119507．
• [59]GOMEZ E,RANI D A,CHEESEMAN C R,et al.Thermal plasma technology for the treatment of wastes:A critical review[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,161(2/3):614-626．
• [60]KATOU K,ASOU T,KURAUCHI Y,et al.Melting municipal solid waste incineration residue by plasma melting furnace with a graphite electrode[J].Thin Solid Films,2001,386 (2):183-188．
• [61]CARNOGURSKáM,LáZáR M,PU?KáR M,et al.Measurement and evaluation of properties of MSW fly ash treated by plasma[J].Measurement,2015,62:155-161．
• [62]YOUCAI Z,LIJIE S,GUOJIAN L.Chemical stabilization of MSWincinerator fly ashes[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2002,95(1/2):47-63．
• [63]刘元元，王里奥，林祥，等．城市垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属药剂配伍稳定化实验研究[J]．环境工程学报，2007(10):94-99.LIU Yuanyuan,WANG Li′ao,LIN Xiang,et al.Experimental study of the stabilization of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash by chemical agent matching[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2007(10):94-99．
• [64]VAVVA C,VOUTSAS E,MAGOULAS K.Process development for chemical stabilization of fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration[J].Chemical Engineering Research and Design,2017,125:57-71．
• [65]王金波，秦瑞香，袁茂林，等．复合化学螯合药剂稳定垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属[J]．化学研究与应用，2013,25 (10):1397-1402.WANG Jinbo,QIN Ruixiang,YUAN Maolin,et al.Complex chelators for the stabilization of heavy metals in MSW incineration fly ash[J].Chemical Research and Application,2013,25 (10):1397-1402．
• [66]周斌，胡雨燕，陈德珍．新标准下垃圾焚烧飞灰化学稳定技术的比选和研究[J]．环境科学学报，2009,29(11):2372-2377.ZHOU Bin,HU Yuyan,CHEN Dezhen.Selection of chemical stabilization technologies for treatment of fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWl) to meet the new landfill standard[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2009,29(11):2372-2377．
• [67]XIE J,HU Y,CHEN D,et al.Hydrothermal treatment of MSWIfly ash for simultaneous dioxins decomposition and heavy metal stabilization[J].Frontiers of Environmental Science&Engineering in China,2010,4(1):108-115．
• [68]BAYUSENO A P,SCHMAHL W W,MüLLEJANS T.Hydrothermal processing of MSWI fly ash-towards new stable minerals and fixation of heavy metals[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,167(1/3):250-259．
• [69]JING Z,MATSUOKA N,JIN F,et al.Municipal incineration bottom ash treatment using hydrothermal solidification[J].Waste Management,2007,27(2):287-293．
• [70]YAMAGUCHI H,SHIBUYA E,KANAMARU Y,et al.Hydrothermal decomposition of PCDDs/PCDFs in MSWI fly ash[J].Chemosphere,1996,32(1):203-208.